Download PDF Heirs of the Founders: The Epic Rivalry of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster, the Second Generation of American Giants By H. W. Brands
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Ebook About From New York Times bestselling historian H. W. Brands comes the riveting story of how, in nineteenth-century America, a new set of political giants battled to complete the unfinished work of the Founding Fathers and decide the future of our democracyIn the early 1800s, three young men strode onto the national stage, elected to Congress at a moment when the Founding Fathers were beginning to retire to their farms. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, a champion orator known for his eloquence, spoke for the North and its business class. Henry Clay of Kentucky, as dashing as he was ambitious, embodied the hopes of the rising West. South Carolina's John Calhoun, with piercing eyes and an even more piercing intellect, defended the South and slavery. Together these heirs of Washington, Jefferson and Adams took the country to war, battled one another for the presidency and set themselves the task of finishing the work the Founders had left undone. Their rise was marked by dramatic duels, fierce debates, scandal and political betrayal. Yet each in his own way sought to remedy the two glaring flaws in the Constitution: its refusal to specify where authority ultimately rested, with the states or the nation, and its unwillingness to address the essential incompatibility of republicanism and slavery. They wrestled with these issues for four decades, arguing bitterly and hammering out political compromises that held the Union together, but only just. Then, in 1850, when California moved to join the Union as a free state, "the immortal trio" had one last chance to save the country from the real risk of civil war. But, by that point, they had never been further apart. Thrillingly and authoritatively, H. W. Brands narrates an epic American rivalry and the little-known drama of the dangerous early years of our democracy.Book Heirs of the Founders: The Epic Rivalry of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster, the Second Generation of American Giants Review :
H.W. Brands is an excellent historian, highly skilled at researching a topic and at telling a tale in engaging, illuminating prose. This, his latest book, contains many of those elements, making it an enjoyable and informative read. But it is not without its problems.One inherent problem with a book such as "Heirs of the Founders" is that it focuses on the lives of three different men--Daniel Webster, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. It is difficult enough to compile a biography of one individual in less than 400 pages, but Brands tells the reader about these three men in only 370 pages of text. Such an approach is bound to leave out much, and that is what keeps this good book from being a great one.For example, Brands says that Thomas Jefferson "rode the wave of opposition [to the Alien and Sedition Acts] into the White House . . ." But the Election of 1800, to which Brands is referring, was far more complex. Indeed, had there been no Three-Fifths Compromise, John Adams would have won the election outright. The compromise allowed southern states to count slaves as three-fifths of a person when determining the state's population and thus the number of representatives the state would get in the House. They would each get an equal number of electors. As it was, no candidate got a majority of electoral votes, sending the election into the House, which elected Jefferson. A simple sentence or two would have clarified the issue.Brands brings up the gag rule but does not explain what it was. He seems to assume his reader knows. The gag rule was a resolution in the House that tabled, without discussion, all petitions regarding slavery. But Brands doesn't tell us this.In addition, Brands makes no mention of Daniel Webster's affair with Sarah Goodrich, a young artist. The affair took place in the late 1820s, while Webster's wife was dying of stomach cancer back in Massachusetts. This behavior certainly gives an insight into Webster's character, but Brands seems to be in a hurry and so skips or glosses over many aspects of these three men and their times.In another example, Brands does not mention Henry Clay's most famous quote--"I'd rather be right than be president." Spoken in 1838, it was seen as sour grapes by many. Nor does he mention that Clay was an inveterate gambler. Or that he could, at times, be downright nasty.The fact that the book has fifty-nine chapters in 370 pages only adds to the rushed feeling of "Heirs of the Founders." What Brands has given us is good. But another hundred or so pages could have made it great. University of Texas history professor H.W. Brands has written a biography of the three giants who dominated Congress in the first half of the 19th Century, namely Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster. All three were great intellects and orators who had a common dislike, for different reasons, of President Andrew Jackson.Clay comes on the scene in 1811 where in his first term he becomes Speaker of the House. He and Calhoun would join together as the leading “war hawks” and push Madison into war against England. They would later split over the issues of tariffs, slavery and most important, the preservation of the Union. Clay would become the author of the American System based on protective tariffs, internal improvements and a national bank which made him the true heir to Alexander Hamilton. In 1820 he would put together the Missouri Compromise which delayed the ultimate reckoning of the slavery issue and thereby allowed the continued development of a growing America.Calhoun, who served as vice-president to both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, quite a feat in its own right, became the tribune of the South. He fought tariffs, championed slavery and the ability of states to nullify federal laws they opposed which offered the theoretical basis for secession.Webster had a brilliant career as a lawyer where he was victorious in such major Supreme Court cases as McCulloch v. Maryland, Dartmouth College and Gibbons v. Ogden. Although he is most remembered for his “Union, now and forever” speech in his Reply to Hayne, he supported New England secession during the War of 1812.In 1850 all three of them, now all over 70, came together in the great debate over the admission of California into the Union as a free state, the treatment of fugitive slaves and the extension of slavery into the New Mexico Territory. The end result of the debate was yet another successful Clay compromise. And it was here where Webster in order to save the Union bent over backwards against his abolitionist constituency, on the issues of fugitive slaves and slavery in the New Mexico Territory, to agree with Clay. Oh to be in the Senate Gallery to hear the debate. The next best thing is reading Brands’ account. All three would be dead within two years.Brands brings to life these three great personalities as they dominated the Congress for 40 years. It is history at its best. I only wish our current Congress had at least one Clay or a Webster and unfortunately too much of the nullification spirit of John Calhoun is alive and well in both parties today. 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